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According to the UN human rights office, 136 civilians have died in the war on Ukraine so far. But it acknowledges that the figure is probably much higher.
These deaths may have occurred directly – collateral damage to the fighting – but war affects people’s health beyond bullets and bombs. Some deaths are not combat-related but the result of the wider effects of conflict on public health – effects that linger long after the war has ended. The Russian invasion of Ukraine will undoubtedly bring with it catastrophic suffering and health consequences for the civilian population.
Wars are complex health emergencies. They lead to the breakdown of society, cause considerable damage and destruction to infrastructure, create insecurity and have a significant economic impact. They also exacerbate pre-war issues.
Even before the Russian invasion, the eight-year-long conflict in eastern Ukraine had left 3 million people in need of humanitarian assistance. Women, children, the elderly and people with disabilities, in particular, are often most in need of help.
As we are seeing in Ukraine and its neighbouring countries, war generates mass population movements, both within the country (so-called internally displaced persons) and externally (refugees). In less than a week, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has created nearly half a million refugees. Heartbreaking scenes of families separated, not knowing when or if they will next see each other again, have become commonplace.
Health systems take a hammering
The health system suffers too due to the damage to health infrastructure such as hospitals and clinics. It triggers the flight of health staff, leaving understaffed health systems to cope with growing patient loads caused by the conflict. This is on top of the interruptions to supply chains.
Most hospitals rarely have stocks of drugs and consumables beyond a few days due to storage-space constraints and the cost of keeping large inventories. These stocks are rapidly consumed, particularly items needed for treating war injuries, such as antibiotics, blood products and dressings. Sadly, this is now the case at Chernihiv children’s hospital, which is surrounded by Russian forces and rapidly running out of essential drugs for children with cancer.
The World Health Organization has also warned that medical oxygen supplies in Ukraine are dangerously low.
It will be immensely difficult to deliver healthcare in Ukraine, and the full extent of disruption to the health system will be difficult to ascertain, especially as IT systems will also have been affected. This is further compounded by the ongoing surge in COVID, with around 1,700 patients currently in hospitals across the country.
Beyond hospitals, primary care, screening and immunisation programmes will have been disrupted. This means that people with chronic diseases such as diabetes or heart failure may not get optimal treatment – if any at all. The cessation of screening programmes means cancers are missed or diagnosed late.
The risk of infectious diseases spreading is also heightened if the supply of clean water and functioning sanitation systems are compromised. And the disruption of immunisation programmes, leading to lower vaccine coverage, increases the risks of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles and polio. The Syrian conflict, for example, substantially reduced polio vaccine coverage, which led to an outbreak of polio in 2017.
As in peacetime, wars do not affect all population groups equally. For instance, women are particularly vulnerable when fleeing conflict zones because of the disruption of protective social networks and the loss of access to healthcare. More worrying is the risk of sexual violence such as rape. The conflict in Yemen, for example, led to a significant increase in reports of gender-based violence.
Wars will leave many scarred and disabled. But wars do not just cause physical harm, they can also have considerable mental health consequences, ranging from depression and anxiety disorders to post-traumatic stress disorder. They can affect both combatants and non-combatants, children and adults, on those left behind, as well as on internally displaced people and refugees. Wars can lead to significant psychological trauma, especially in children.
Economic sanctions
Sanctions have been imposed on Russia, but they don’t have a great track record of success. Usually, the effect of sanctions is experienced most by civilians. For example, ten years of economic sanctions on Iraq in the 1990s did not remove Saddam Hussein from power but was linked to an increase in deaths in children under the age of five.
Economic sanctions may create social disruption and material deprivation, as well as reduce the availability of drugs, vaccines and spare parts for health equipment. Prolonged economic sanctions on Russia will hurt ordinary citizens but probably leave the ruling elite relatively unscathed.
After wars, both economic losses and diseases are highly persistent. They don’t stop once the fighting stops. The post-war period is often characterised by insecurity, political fragility, damaged and degraded infrastructure, limited healthcare capacity and staffing, unemployment, and shortages of all manner of goods. There will be residual effects on the economy, as well as disrupted family and social networks.
There will also be the urgent task of clearing unexploded ordnance, including mines. Unexploded ordnance from the Vietnam war, for example, continues to maim civilians decades later.
When the fighting stops, there will be the need for disarmament and demobilisation of former combatants, and the important task of reintegration. The post-war period will last many years, and Ukraine will undoubtedly need considerable international support and funding to rebuild and recover afterwards.
Andrew Lee, Professor of Public Health, University of Sheffield
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article. |
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